1.simile 明喻
明喻是將具有共性的不同事物作對(duì)比。這種共性存在于人們的心里，而不是事物的自然屬性。
標(biāo)志詞常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.
例如:
1).I wandered lonely as a cloud.
2).Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.
2.metaphor 隱喻,暗喻
隱喻是簡縮了的明喻，是將某一事物的名稱用于另一事物，通過比較形成。
例如:
1).Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.
2).Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
3.metonymy 借喻,轉(zhuǎn)喻
借喻不直接說出所要說的事物，而使用另一個(gè)與之相關(guān)的事物名稱。
i.以容器代替內(nèi)容,例如:
1).The kettle boils. 水開了.
2).The room sat silent. 全屋人安靜地坐著.
ii.以資料.工具代替事物的名稱,例如:
lend me your ears, please. 請(qǐng)聽我說.
iii.以作者代替作品,例如:
a complete shakespeare 莎士比亞全集
vi.以具體事物代替抽象概念,例如:
I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力氣,他們就用我的力氣賺錢.
4.synecdoche 提喻
提喻用部分代替全體,或用全體代替部分,或特殊代替一般.
例如:
1).There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整體)
他的廠里約有100名工人.
2).He is the newton of this century.(特殊代一般)
他是本世紀(jì)的牛頓.
3).The fox goes very well with your cap.(整體代部分)
這狐皮圍脖與你的帽子很相配.
5.synaesthesia 通感,聯(lián)覺,移覺
這種修辭法是以視，聽，觸，嗅，味等感覺直接描寫事物。通感就是把不同感官的感覺溝通起來，借聯(lián)想引起感覺轉(zhuǎn)移“以感覺寫感覺”。通感技巧的運(yùn)用，能突破語言的局限，豐富表情達(dá)意的審美情趣，起到增強(qiáng)文采的藝術(shù)效果。
比如：欣賞建筑的重復(fù)與變化的樣式會(huì)聯(lián)想到音樂的重復(fù)與變化的節(jié)奏;聞到酸的東西會(huì)聯(lián)想到尖銳的物體;聽到飄渺輕柔的音樂會(huì)聯(lián)想到薄薄的半透明的紗子;又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“ 微風(fēng)過處送來縷縷清香,仿佛遠(yuǎn)處高樓上渺茫的歌聲似的”。
例如:
1).The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.(用視覺形容聽覺，鳥落在樹上，由它發(fā)出的聲音聯(lián)想到百合花)鳥兒落在樹上,傾瀉出百合花似的聲音.
2).Taste the music of Mozart.(用嗅覺形容聽覺)
品嘗 Mozart的音樂.
6.personification 擬人
擬人是把生命賦予無生命的事物.
例如:
1).The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.(把夜擬人化)
2).I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.(把鳥擬人化)
7.hyperbole 夸張
夸張是以言過其實(shí)的說法表達(dá)強(qiáng)調(diào)的目的。它可以加強(qiáng)語勢(shì)。增加表達(dá)效果。
例如:
1).I beg a thousand pardons.
2).Love you. you are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars.
3).When she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out.
8.parallelism 排比, 平行
這種修辭法是把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的結(jié)構(gòu)大體相同或相似，意思相關(guān)，語氣一致的短語。子排列成串，形成一個(gè)整體。
例如:
1).No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.
2).In the days when all these things are to be answered forfor, i summon yo and yours, to the last of your bad race, to answer for them. in the days when all these things are to be answered for, i summon your brother, the worst of your bad race, to answer for them separately.
9.euphemism 委婉,婉辭法
婉辭法指用委婉,文雅的方法表達(dá)粗惡,避諱的話.
例如:
1).He is out visiting the necessary. 他出去方便一下.
2).His relation with his wife has not been fortunate. 他與妻子關(guān)系不融洽.
10.allegory 諷喻,比方(原意“寓言”)
建立在假借過去或別處的事例與對(duì)象之上，傳達(dá)暗示，影射或者譏諷現(xiàn)世各種現(xiàn)象的含義。
英文解釋：an expressive style that uses fictional characters and events to describe some subject by suggestive resemblances; an extended metaphor 摘自英語專業(yè)《大學(xué)英語教程》一書
這是一種源于希臘文的修辭法,意為"換個(gè)方式的說法".它是一種形象的描述,具有雙重性,表層含義與真正意味的是兩回事.
例如:
1).Make the hay while the sun shines.
表層含義：趁著出太陽的時(shí)候曬草
真正意味：趁熱打鐵
2).It's time to turn plough into sword.
表層含義：是時(shí)候把犁變成劍
11.irony 反語
反語指用相反意義的詞來表達(dá)意思的作文方式。如在指責(zé)過失、錯(cuò)誤時(shí)，用贊同過失的說法,而在表揚(yáng)時(shí)，則近乎責(zé)難的說法.
例如:
1).It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.
早上沒有時(shí)間觀念還真是一件好事啊(真實(shí)含義是應(yīng)該明確早上的時(shí)間觀念)
2).Of course, you only carry large notes, no small change on you. "the waiter said to the beggar.
12.pun 雙關(guān)
雙關(guān)就是用一個(gè)詞在句子中的雙重含義，借題發(fā)揮。作出多種解釋，旁敲側(cè)擊，從而達(dá)到意想不到的幽默滑稽效果。它主要以相似的詞形、詞意和諧音的方式出現(xiàn)。
例如:
1).She is too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise and too little for a great praise.
2).An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.
3).If we don't hang together, we shall hang separately.
13.parody 仿擬
這是一種模仿名言.警句.諺語,改動(dòng)其中部分詞語,從而使其產(chǎn)生新意的修辭.
例如:
1).Rome was not built in a day, nor in a year.
2).A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.
3).If you give a girl an inch nowadays she will make address of it.
14.rhetorical question 修辭疑問(反問)
它與疑問句的不同在于它并不以得到答復(fù)為目的，而是以疑問為手段，取得修辭上的效果，其特點(diǎn)是:肯定問句表示強(qiáng)烈否定，而否定問句表示強(qiáng)烈的肯定。它的答案往往是不言而喻的。
例如:
1).How was it possible to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worth of note?
2).Shall we allow those untruths to go unanswered?
15.antithesis 對(duì)照,對(duì)比,對(duì)偶
這種修辭指將意義完全相反的語句排在一起對(duì)比的一種修辭方法。
例如:
1).Not that I loved caeser less but that I loved romemore.
2).You are staying; I am going.
3).Give me liberty, or give me death.
16.paradox 雋語
這是一種貌似矛盾，但包含一定哲理的意味深長的說法，是一種矛盾修辭法。
例如:
1).More haste, Less speed.欲速則不達(dá)
2).The child is the father to the man.(童年時(shí)代可決定人之未來)三歲看大，四歲看老。
17.oxymoron 反意法,逆喻
這也是一種矛盾修辭法，用兩種不相調(diào)和的特征形容一個(gè)事物，以不協(xié)調(diào)的搭配使讀者領(lǐng)悟句中微妙的含義。
例如:
1).No light, but rather darkness visible.沒有光亮，黑暗卻清晰可見
2).The state of this house is cheerless welcome.
18.climax 漸進(jìn)法,層進(jìn)法
這種修辭是將一系列詞語按照意念的大小、輕重、深淺、高低等逐層漸進(jìn)，最后達(dá)到頂點(diǎn)。可以增強(qiáng)語勢(shì)，逐漸加深讀者印象。
例如:
1).I am sorry, I am so sorry, I am so extremely sorry.
2).Eye had not seen nor ear heard, and nothing had touched his heart of stone.
19.anticlimax 漸降法
與climax相反的一種修辭法，將一系列詞語由大到小，由強(qiáng)到弱地排列。
例如:
1).On his breast he wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair of boots.
2).The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.
